Linux/Unix
Posts about using Linux and Unix
Finding My Most Commonly Used Commands On Linux
I'm a proponent of automation, so when I find myself running the same commands over and over I always look for a way of wrapping that in an alias or script.
I spend a lot of my day to day job in the command line and I realised today that I must have typed 'git status' for the millionth time and wondered what my most commonly used commands were. So I found a stack overflow post showing my most used commands in a nice little bash one liner.
Checking Domain TTL Values
Part of the process of putting a new site live can be moving DNS entries around. Prior to doing this it's a really good idea to sort out the Time To Live (TTL) of the DNS record so that when you do change DNS entries you aren't waiting around for a day for the DNS to sort itself out. Most DNS registrars will allow you to set your TTL down to a minute or so.
It's also very important to check the status of your DNS records to ensure that they have the correct TTL, usually a day before (and day of) the move.
You can check the TTL value of your A record with the host command. Change the value of the -t (type) flag to aaaa or cname to inspect different types of records.
host -a -t a www.hashbangcode.com
This will produce the following output. The TTL of the domain below is '125'.
Read Contents Of SSL Cert From The Command Line
Whilst it is possible to view the contents of an SSL cert from within most modern browsers I occasionally find the need to use the command line to find out the same information. I find this useful when renewing certificates as browsers can occasionally cache certificates for longer than expected, causing false results.
The following command connects to the server, downloads the SSL certificate from port 443 and then uses the openssl tool to extract the information from the certificate into a readable format.
echo | openssl s_client -showcerts -servername example.com -connect example.com:443 2>/dev/null | openssl x509 -inform pem -noout -text
This produces the following output.
Interrogating DNS Records
DNS records, as many of you will already know, are commonly used to translate a human readable address into an IP address. This means that instead of visiting a website by typing in it's IP address you can just type in the easy to remember DNS address. I won't talk too much about how DNS records work here, but if you want to know more then you can read the awesome and easy to understand how DNS works commic.
In this post I will be looking at different tools that can be used to find out more about a DNS record, and what kinds of results they return. I won't be looking at the tools in great detail, but enough to get you started when looking up DNS records.
Scanning Linux For Intrusion With RKHunter
Some Useful Curl Snippets
Find Architecture And Version Of A Linux Box
When doing an audit of an existing Linux server a good first step is to find out what distribution is running and if the server is running a 32 or 64 bit architecture.
To find out what architecture a server is running you can run the uname command, which will print out certain system information. This must be supplied with the -a flag in order to print out as much information as possible.
uname -a
This will print out a line similar to the following on an Ubuntu system.
Linux vlad 3.2.0-23-generic #36-Ubuntu SMP Tue Apr 10 20:39:51 UTC 2012 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
This can be broken down bit by bit and will contain the following information.
Print A Specific Block Of Lines From A File In Linux
If you have a large file of data that you are trying to import, or a log file you are trying to dissect then you'll rarely want to print it directly out to the screen. Using commands like more or programs like vim can make things a little easier but you still have to run through potentially thousands of lines to find the correct block.
To load a few specific lines from a file you can use a combination of the head and tail commands. The following command will print out lines 200 to 220 from a large file called 'bigfile. The head command will print out the first 220 lines from a file, which is then piped into a tail command that prints out only the last 20 lines of the output generated by the previous command.
head -n 220 bigfile | tail -n 21
Alternatively, you can use sed to print out the same block from the large file.
Automatically List Directory Contents When Changing Directory In Linux
When navigating around a Linux box I tend to find I use the same two commands a lot. The first is 'cd' to change a directory, and the second is 'ls' in order to see what is in the new directory. Rather than do this over and over again I decided to look around for a good solution to automate this.
I found a variety of results on the internet, but some were simply creating a different alias that wrapped the same two commands. I found this example on superuser, which solves the problem quite nicely. Here is the example in full.